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Artificial Intelligence

OpenAI and Microsoft negotiations require definition of “artificial general intelligence”

Published

4 months ago

6 minute read

From The Deep View

Ian Krietzberg

 

OpenAI’s bargaining chip 

A couple of relatively significant stories broke late last week concerning the — seemingly tenuous — partnership between OpenAI and Microsoft.
The background: OpenAI first turned to Microsoft back in 2019, after the startup lost access to Elon Musk’s billions. Microsoft — which has now sunk more than $13 billion into the ChatGPT-maker — has developed a partnership with OpenAI, where Microsoft provides the compute (and the money) and OpenAI gives Microsoft access to its generative technology. OpenAI’s tech, for instance, powers Microsoft’s Copilot.
According to the New York Times, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman last year asked Microsoft for more cash. But Microsoft, concerned about the highly publicized boardroom drama that was rocking the startup, declined.
  • OpenAI recently raised $6.6 billion at a $157 billion valuation. The firm expects to lose around $5 billion this year, and it expects its expenses to skyrocket over the next few years before finally turning a profit in 2029.
  • According to the Times, tensions have been steadily mounting between the two companies over issues of compute and tech-sharing; at the same time, OpenAI, focused on securing more computing power and reducing its enormous expense sheet, has been working for the past year to renegotiate the terms of its partnership with the tech giant.
Microsoft, meanwhile, has been expanding its portfolio of AI startups, recently bringing the bulk of the Inflection team on board in a $650 million deal.
Now, the terms of OpenAI’s latest funding round were somewhat unusual. The investment was predicated on an assurance that OpenAI would transition into a fully for-profit corporation. If the company has not done so within two years, investors can ask for their money back.
According to the Wall Street Journal, an element of the ongoing negotiation between OpenAI and Microsoft has to do with this restructuring, specifically, how Microsoft’s $14 billion investment will transfer into equity in the soon-to-be for-profit company.
  • According to the Journal, both firms have hired investment banks to help advise them on the negotiations; Microsoft is working with Morgan Stanley and OpenAI is working with Goldman Sachs.
  • Amid a number of wrinkles — the fact the OpenAI’s non-profit board will still hold equity in the new corporation; the fact that Altman will be granted equity; the risks of anti-trust scrutiny, depending on the amount of equity Microsoft receives — there is another main factor that the two parties are trying to figure out: what governance rights either company will have once the dust settles.
Here’s where things get really interesting: OpenAI isn’t a normal company. It’s mission is to build a hypothetical artificial general intelligence, a theoretical technology that is pointedly lacking in any sort of universal definition. The general idea here is that it would possess, at least, human-adjacent cognitive capabilities; some researchers don’t think it’ll ever be possible.
There’s a clause in OpenAI’s contract with Microsoft that if OpenAI achieves AGI, Microsoft gets cut off. OpenAI’s “board determines when we’ve attained AGI. Again, by AGI we mean a highly autonomous system that outperforms humans at most economically valuable work. Such a system is excluded from IP licenses and other commercial terms with Microsoft, which only apply to pre-AGI technology.”
To quote from the Times: “the clause was meant to ensure that a company like Microsoft did not misuse this machine of the future, but today, OpenAI executives see it as a path to a better contract, according to a person familiar with the company’s negotiations.”
This is a good example of why the context behind definitions matters so much when discussing anything in this field. There is a definitional problem throughout the field of AI. Many researchers dislike the term “AI” itself; it’s a misnomer — we don’t have an actual artificial intelligence.
The term “intelligence,” is itself vague and open to the interpretation of the developer in question.
And the term “AGI” is as formless as it gets. Unlike physics, for example, where gravity is a known, hard, agreed-upon concept, AGI is theoretical, hypothetical science; further, it is a theory that is bounded by resource limitations and massive limitations in understanding around human cognition, sentience, consciousness and intelligence, and how these all fit together physically.
This doesn’t erase the fact that the labs are trying hard to get there.
But what this environment could allow for is a misplaced, contextually unstable definition of AGI that OpenAI pens as a ticket either out from under Microsoft’s thumb, or as a means of negotiating the contract of Sam Altman’s dreams.
In other words, OpenAI saying it has achieved AGI, doesn’t mean that it has.
As Thomas G. Dietterich, Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Oregon State University said: “I always suspected that the road to achieve AGI was through redefining it.”
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After 15 years as a TV reporter with Global and CBC and as news director of RDTV in Red Deer, Duane set out on his own 2008 as a visual storyteller. During this period, he became fascinated with a burgeoning online world and how it could better serve local communities. This fascination led to Todayville, launched in 2016.

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Artificial Intelligence

DeepSeek: The Rise of China’s Open-Source AI Amid US Regulatory Shifts and Privacy Concerns

Published on January 28, 2025

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By Cindy Harper

DeepSeek offers open-source generative AI with localized data storage but raises concerns over censorship, privacy, and disruption of Western markets.

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A recent regulatory clampdown in the United States on TikTok, a Chinese-owned social media platform, triggered a surge of users migrating to another Chinese app, Rednote. Now, another significant player has entered the spotlight: DeepSeek, a Chinese-developed generative artificial intelligence (AI) platform, which is rapidly gaining traction. The growing popularity of DeepSeek raises questions about the effectiveness of bans like TikTok and their ability to curtail the use of Chinese digital services by Americans.

President Donald Trump has called attention to a recent Chinese AI development, describing it as a “wake-up call” for the US tech industry.

Speaking to Republican lawmakers in Florida on Monday evening, the president emphasized the need for America to strengthen its competitive edge against China’s advancements in technology.

During the event, Trump referenced the launch of DeepSeek AI, highlighting its potential implications for the global tech landscape. “Last week, I signed an order revoking Joe Biden’s destructive artificial intelligence regulations so that AI companies can once again focus on being the best, not just being the most woke,” Trump stated. He continued by explaining that he had been closely following developments in China’s tech sector, including reports of a faster and more cost-effective approach to AI.

“That’s good because you don’t have to spend as much money,” Trump remarked, adding that while the claims about this Chinese breakthrough remain unverified, the idea of achieving similar results with lower costs could be seen as an opportunity for US companies. He stressed, “The release of DeepSeek AI from a Chinese company should be a wake-up call for our industries, that we need to be laser-focused on competing to win because we have the greatest scientists in the world.”

Trump also pointed to what he views as a recognition by China of America’s dominance in scientific and engineering talent. “This is very unusual, when you hear a DeepSeek when you hear somebody come up with something, we always have the ideas,” he said. “We’re always first. So I would say that’s a positive that could be very much a positive development.”
DeepSeek, created by a Chinese AI research lab backed by a hedge fund, has made waves with its open-source generative AI model. The platform rivals offerings from major US developers, including OpenAI. To circumvent US sanctions on hardware and software, the company allegedly implemented innovative solutions during the development of its models.

DeepSeek’s approach to sensitive topics raises significant concerns about censorship and the manipulation of information. By mirroring state-approved narratives and avoiding discussions on politically charged issues like Tiananmen Square or Winnie the Pooh’s satirical association with Xi Jinping, DeepSeek exemplifies how AI can be wielded to reinforce government-controlled messaging.

This selective presentation of facts, or outright omission of them, deprives users of a fuller understanding of critical events and stifles diverse perspectives. Such practices not only limit the free flow of information but also normalize propaganda under the guise of fostering a “wholesome cyberspace,” calling into question the ethical implications of deploying AI that prioritizes political conformity over truth and open dialogue.

While DeepSeek provides multiple options for accessing its AI models, including downloadable local versions, most users rely on its mobile apps or web chat interface.

The platform offers features such as answering queries, web searches, and detailed reasoning responses. However, concerns over data privacy and censorship are growing as DeepSeek collects extensive information and has been observed censoring content critical of China.

DeepSeek’s data practices raise alarm among privacy advocates. The company’s privacy policy explicitly states, “We store the information we collect in secure servers located in the People’s Republic of China.”

This includes user-submitted data such as chat messages, prompts, uploaded files, and chat histories. While users can delete chat history via the app, privacy experts emphasize the risks of sharing sensitive information with such platforms.

DeepSeek also gathers other personal information, such as email addresses, phone numbers, and device data, including operating systems and IP addresses. It employs tracking technologies, such as cookies, to monitor user activity. Additionally, interactions with advertisers may result in the sharing of mobile identifiers and other information with the platform. Analysis of DeepSeek’s web activity revealed connections to Baidu and other Chinese internet infrastructure firms.

While such practices are common in the AI industry, privacy concerns are heightened by DeepSeek’s storage of data in China, where stringent cybersecurity laws allow authorities to demand access to company-held information.

The safest option is running local or self-hosted versions of AI models, which prevent data from being transmitted to the developer.

And with Deepseek, this is simple as its models are open-source.

Open-source AI stands out as the superior approach to artificial intelligence because it fosters transparency, collaboration, and accessibility. Unlike proprietary systems, which often operate as opaque black boxes, open-source AI allows anyone to examine its code, ensuring accountability and reducing biases. This transparency builds trust, while the collaborative nature of open-source development accelerates innovation by enabling researchers and developers worldwide to contribute to and improve upon existing models.

Additionally, open-source AI democratizes access to cutting-edge technology, empowering startups, researchers, and underfunded regions to harness AI’s potential without the financial barriers of proprietary systems.

It also prevents monopolistic control by decentralizing AI development, reducing the dominance of a few tech giants.

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Artificial Intelligence

Everyone is freaking out over DeepSeek. Here’s why

Published on January 28, 2025

By

From The Deep View

$600 billion collapse

Volatility is kind of a given when it comes to Wall Street’s tech sector. It doesn’t take much to send things soaring; it likewise doesn’t take much to set off a downward spiral.
After months of soaring, Monday marked the possible beginning of a spiral, and a Chinese company seems to be at the center of it.
Alright, what’s going on: A week ago, Chinese tech firm DeepSeek launched R1, a so-called reasoning model, that, according to DeepSeek, has reached technical parity with OpenAI’s o1 across a few benchmarks. But, unlike its American competition, DeepSeek open-sourced R1 under an MIT license, making it significantly cheaper and more accessible than any of the closed models coming from U.S. tech giants.
  • But the real punchline here doesn’t have to do with R1 at all, but with a previous language model — called V3 — that DeepSeek released in December. DeepSeek was reportedly able to train V3 using a small collection of older Nvidia chips (about 2,000 H800s) at a cost of about $5.6 million.
  • Still, training is only one cost of many tied to AI development/deployment; while the costs associated with researching, developing, training and operating both R1 and V3 remain either unknown or unconfirmed, DeepSeek’s apparent ability to reach technical parity at a far reduced cost, without state-of-the-art GPU chips or massive GPU clusters, has a lot of implications for America’s now tenuous position in AI leadership. (Though DeepSeek says it is open-sourced, the company did not release its training data).
Since the release of R1, DeepSeek has become the top free app in Apple’s App Store, bumping ChatGPT to the number two slot. In the midst of its spiking popularity, DeepSeek restricted new sign-ups due to large-scale cyberattacks against its servers. And, as Salesforce Chief Marc Benioff noted, “no Nvidia supercomputers or $100M needed,” a point that the market heard loud and clear. 
What happened: Led by Nvidia, a series of tech and chip stocks, in addition to the three major stock indices, fell hard in pre-market trading early Monday morning. All told, $1.1 trillion of U.S. market cap was erased within a half hour of the opening bell.
  • Performance didn’t get better throughout the day. Nvidia closed Monday down 17%, erasing some $600 billion in market capitalization, a Wall Street record. TSMC was down 14%, Arm was down 11%, Broadcom was down 17%, Google was down 4% and Microsoft was down 2%. The S&P fell 1.4% and the Nasdaq fell 3.3%. An Nvidia spokesperson called R1 an “excellent AI advancement.”
  • This is all going into a week of Big Tech earnings, where Microsoft and Meta will be held to account for the billions of dollars ($80 billion and $65 billion, respectively) they plan to spend on AI infrastructure in 2025, a cost that Wall Street no longer seems to feel quite so good about.
It’s hard to miss the political tensions underlying all of this. The tail end of former President Joe Biden’s time in office was marked in part by an increasingly tense trade war with China, wherein both countries issued bans on the export of materials needed to build advanced AI chips. And with President Trump hell-bent on maintaining American leadership in AI, and despite the chip restrictions that are in place, Chinese companies seem to be turning hardware challenges into a motivation for innovation that challenges the American lead, something they seem keen to drive home.
R1, for instance, was announced at around the same time as OpenAI’s $500 billion Project Stargate, two impactfully divergent approaches.
What’s happening here is that the market has finally come around to the idea that maybe the cost of AI development (hundreds of billions of dollars annually) is too high, a recognition “that the winners in AI will be the most innovative companies, not just those with the most GPUs,” according to Writer CTA Waseem Alshikh. “Brute-forcing AI with GPUs is no longer a viable strategy.”
Wedbush analyst Dan Ives, however, thinks this is just a good time to buy into Nvidia — Nvidia and the rest are building infrastructure that, he argues, China will not be able to compete with in the long run. “Launching a competitive LLM model for consumer use cases is one thing,” Ives wrote. “Launching broader AI infrastructure is a whole other ballgame.”
“I view cost reduction as a good thing. I’m of the belief that if you’re freeing up compute capacity, it likely gets absorbed — we’re going to need innovations like this,” Bernstein semiconductor analyst Stacy Rasgon told Yahoo Finance. “I understand why all the panic is going on. I don’t think DeepSeek is doomsday for AI infrastructure.”
Somewhat relatedly, Perplexity has already added DeepSeek’s R1 model to its AI search engine. And DeepSeek on Monday launched another model, one capable of competitive image generation.
Last week, I said that R1 should be enough to make OpenAI a little nervous. This anxiety spread way quicker than I anticipated; DeepSeek spent Monday dominating headlines at every publication I came across, setting off a debate and panic that has spread far beyond the tech and AI community.
Some are concerned about the national security implications of China’s AI capabilities. Some are concerned about the AI trade. Granted, there are more unknowns here than knowns; we do not know the details of DeepSeek’s costs or technical setup (and the costs are likely way higher than they seem). But this does read like a turning point in the AI race.
In January, we talked about reversion to the mean. Right now, it’s too early to tell how long-term the market impacts of DeepSeek will be. But, if Nvidia and the rest fall hard and stay down — or drop lower — through earnings season, one might argue that the bubble has begun to burst. As a part of this, watch model pricing closely; OpenAI may well be forced to bring down the costs of its models to remain competitive.
At the very least, DeepSeek appears to be evidence that scaling is one, not a law, and two, not the only (or best) way to develop more advanced AI models, something that rains heavily on OpenAI and co.’s parade since it runs contrary to everything OpenAI’s been saying for months. Funnily, it actually seems like good news for the science of AI, possibly lighting a path toward systems that are less resource-intensive (which is much needed!)
It’s yet another example of the science and the business of AI not being on the same page.
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