How are EU law and US law different?

The federal government is made up of more than just the 50 states that make up the U.S. It also includes the District of Columbia and a few overseas territories. The European Union consists of 27 European countries which came together to form the EU, an economic and political union that had never been done before. Even though the European Union (EU) is not a federal government, the way power is shared between the EU’s three governing institutions and its member states is very similar to how power is shared in a federal government. The United States of America has a written constitution, but the European Union does not. On the other hand, the EU Treaties are like a constitution because they spell out who has what power and how laws are made.

Most of the time, EU countries are still responsible for more policy areas than US states. Members of the EU can set health policies (with some help from the EU), but in the US, this is the job of both the federal and state governments. Since the countries that are part of the EU are sovereign, this makes sense.

Why is it important to know this? The EU, on the other hand, has both a central and a national level in charge of environmental policy. Cooperative federalism is one of the most important ideas in the U.S. The federal government’s rules and regulations set a standard for how strict state rules and regulations must be.

Primary VS Secondary Law

All of the other things that the EU does are based on treaties. In these legally binding agreements between EU member countries, the goals of the EU, the rules that EU institutions must follow, how decisions are made, and the relationship between the EU and its members are all explained. You can find examples and studies on this topic on the service Writix with free examples. Treaties are the basis for the laws of the European Union (EU). In the EU, they are called “basic law”.

Secondary law is a set of rules, directives, decisions, recommendations, and views that are made by the government. This set of rules is called ‘secondary law”, and it comes from the goals and ideas behind the treaties.

Legislative Versus Non-legislative Acts

Most legislative acts are passed by following one of the legislative procedures outlined in EU treaties (ordinary or special). Acts that aren’t part of the legislative process don’t have to follow these rules. Instead, EU institutions can pass them by following certain rules.

The European Union (EU) can only make laws in areas where its member states have given it explicit permission to do so through EU treaties.

What is the difference between laws, statutes, acts, and rules in the United States and the European Union?

The language used to talk about art in Europe and the United States can be different. Here are some things that need to be explained.

In the United States, both federal and state laws are about making sure people follow rules about how to act. Congress makes federal laws, statutes, and acts, while executive departments and agencies use a rulemaking process to make federal rules.

When it comes to enforcing the laws that are already on the books, federal rules are more specific than federal laws about how an agency should do this. If rules aren’t followed, penalties could be put in place.

Institutions of the European Union can make rules and directives by using either regular or special legislative processes. But how they are put into place is different.

As soon as European rules take effect, they are automatically put into place in all of the EU’s member states at the same time. No national translation is needed first. But the Member States still have to take care of some administrative tasks (for instance, designate the authorities responsible for implementation or to set out penalties for non-compliance).

Directives, on the other hand, can’t take effect until they are put into national law. However, Member States are free to implement European policies in any way they think is best. To put it simply, directives are a lot more flexible than rules because they only make you do something if you want to get a certain result.

Directives make up most of the EU’s environmental laws, but rules are becoming more common in areas like chemicals and product safety as the need for an integrated approach grows.

There is a big difference between how far US states can go and how far EU member states can go with their laws.

US vs EU regulations: States Can Go Further than Members

EU’s legislative institutions, like the EP and EU Council, use the legislative procedure to make rules. In the US, rules are made by the Executive Branch using the rulemaking process, which we’ve already talked about.

In the United States, regulations are made public as soon as new laws are passed. These regulations explain how the laws will be carried out and fill in any gaps or ambiguities that may arise. On the other hand, European regulations are longer pieces of law that can still be added to and changed by delegated and implementing actions of the Commission, as well as by national administrative rules.

In terms of environmental policy, federal laws and rules are the starting point, but each state in the U.S. is free to make laws that are more strict.

In European Union law, however, things are a bit different. If EU countries are encouraged to have more strict environmental laws than those set by EU directives, this won’t hurt the Single Market. To put it another way, they can’t affect how freely goods and services can move around the EU.

To make matters worse, European Union member states are less likely to put in place more strict rules in areas that are already covered by EU law (such as chemical approvals and trash shipping, to mention a few).

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When it comes to playing slots, luck plays a huge role, but there’s more to winning than just spinning the wheels. Checking the variance and RTP of a slot game beforehand can help you find one that matches your style and strategy. Whether you’re a casual player or chasing a jackpot, understanding these factors can improve your experience. For Canadian players looking to try their luck, Tenexcasino.com is a top choice among crypto casino sites, offering a great platform to explore these games.

What is RTP?

RTP or Return to Player shows how much of the money you bet goes back to you over time. It also shows you the “house edge,” or how much of your money goes to the casino over the same period. If a slot has an RTP of 90%, 90 cents of every dollar you bet goes back to you. The remaining 10 cents is the “house edge” or the profit the casino will likely make.

RTP is measured over time and doesn’t tell you what will happen with each spin. But it can tell you which slot games to pick if you want to minimize risk.

What Is Slot Variance?

Variance also shows the risk of playing each slot game. But unlike RTP, it determines how often you can expect to win and the average size of each payout. Will you see small, frequent wins or rare but potentially huge payouts?

Depending on your preference and budget, you can opt for low, medium, or high-variance slots. Low-variance slots offer frequent but smaller payouts, medium-variance slots provide a mix of frequent smaller wins and occasional bigger winnings, and high-variance slots give rare but significant payouts.

What’s the Right Type of Right Slot Game for Me?

Variance and RTP can help you select the slot games that suit your style and the risk you’re
willing to take.

High RTP Slot Games

High RTP games are an ideal choice if you’re on a small budget. They will give you the best chance to build your bankroll and get more from your investment. You should look for games with at least 97% RTP, like Mega Joker (99%), Codex of Fortune (98%), and Starmania (97.87%).

While these games ensure you get more of your money back in the long term, they won’t necessarily help you maintain your bankroll. If that’s what you’re looking for, you should ensure the slots also have low variance.

Low Variance Slots

Low-variance slots are a perfect choice if you’re looking for steady gameplay with minimal risk. They allow you to play longer without large swings in your balance. But it’s not without its thrill.

If you like frequent wins, these games certainly keep the excitement alive. Some of our favorite low-variance games are Starburst, Jack Hammer, and Blood Suckers.

Medium-Variance Slots

These are a sweet spot. Medium-variance slots are perfect if you want steady payouts with the occasional thrill of big wins. They allow you to avoid the risk of high-variance slots while enjoying some of the excitement. Temple of Iris, Wolf Gold, and Golden Winner are great medium-variance slots worth checking out.

High-variance Slots

High-variance games are your best bet if you dream of hitting the jackpot. The risk is undoubtedly high, but you can win a massive payout. However, these slots may not be the best choice for prolonged gaming sessions. They can, however, provide convenient and enjoyable entertainment when traveling or during your lunch breaks.

High variance slots often include progressive jackpots. Some of our favorite high-variance slots include Rome: The Golden Age, Twin Spin Megaways, and Jack in a Pot.

Having a healthy bankroll is necessary here. But even more so, you need patience. You may go through several spins without a win, but the payout can be significant when you do win.

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Since its appearance in the 1980s, precision agriculture has revolutionized farming, offering innovative solutions to age-old challenges. One of those is Variable rate technology (VRT), which plays a key role in improving efficiency and sustainability in today’s farming methods.

By applying inputs like fertilizers and water in different quantities across the field, VRT helps optimize crop yields and reduce costs. This technology relies on data collection and analysis to create detailed VRA prescription maps, allowing for customized input applications.

With the right equipment and technology, VRT can significantly improve agricultural productivity. Today’s advanced tractors, equipped with built-in terminals and specialized software integrated with a precision agriculture platform, use prescription maps to accurately apply variable rates of water or chemicals based on GPS location and management zones.

Variable Rate Technology In Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture is a game-changer, moving far beyond traditional farming methods. Often called satellite farming, this approach focuses on crop condition monitoring, measuring, and responding to variability within fields. One of its standout innovations is variable rate application (VRA), which has caught the attention of farmers worldwide for its immense potential.

Why is VRA so important? It goes beyond simply fertilizing, seeding, and applying pesticides. It’s about utilizing technology to apply various expendable materials on and beneath the field automatically.

Farm management software simplifies contemporary farming by combining data and technology to improve farming efficiency, sustainability, and profitability. Precision agriculture platforms consolidate operations, crop health monitoring through satellite imagery, and offer real-time suggestions, enabling farmers to make informed decisions for the best use of resources (through VRA) and increased productivity.

Variable rate application offers numerous advantages for modern agriculture:

VR fertilizer enhances farming efficiency.

Adjusting rates based on soil health and plant needs helps save resources and increase yields. Research shows this method can lead to higher net income and healthier soil compared to using uniform rates: “The net incomes of VR management zone were 15.5–449.61 USD ha−1 higher than that of traditional spatially uniform rate fertilization.”

VR irrigation saves water, time, and fuel while reducing machinery wear.

Applying the correct amount of water to different parts of the field based on soil moisture levels and crop requirements reduces wear and tear on irrigation equipment compared to uniform irrigation.

Studies claim: “Variable rate irrigation (VRI) can increase water use efficiency and productivity by applying water based on site‐specific needs.”

VR seeding increases crop yield by adjusting seeding rates based on soil fertility.

VR seeding adjusts seeding rates based on soil fertility and other factors to optimize plant populations and yields. It is commonly used alongside variable rate fertilization as part of a comprehensive precision agriculture strategy.

Findings show that: “The application of VRS to the seeding of various crops shows positive agro-economic trends, additional yields, and higher economic returns.”

VR pesticide reduces environmental pollution and improves pesticide efficiency.

VRT helps farmers target pests more accurately and use less pesticide.

Studies have found that “VR management zone reduced the use of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers by 22.90–43.95%, 59.11–100%, and 8.21–100%, respectively, and it also increased the use efficiency of N, P, and K by 12.27–28.71, 89.64–176.85, and 5.48–266.89 kg/kg, respectively, without yield loss.”

This demonstrates the ability of variable rate technologies to improve pesticide effectiveness and reduce environmental pollution in agriculture.

Using Various Technological Means For Informed Decisions

Applying different technological tools is essential for implementing variable rate technology in agriculture. This includes smart machinery, fertilizers, seeders, soil sensors, geographic information system (also called GIS), and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications for field mapping. Additionally, having supporting infrastructure, which helps manage and analyze info from different sources, is crucial for successful implementation.

Understanding the location, timing, and methods for seeding, fertilizing, and harvesting is key in remote crop monitoring and precision agriculture, where data plays a vital role in managing resources effectively.

This information is taken from a wide variety of data sources.

Sensors. Moisture, soil nutrients, compaction, weather stations (humidity, temperature, wind speed)
Drones and satellite photography. Field hyperspectral imaging.
GNSS. Event coordinates, also points and times for obtaining time-series data
Spatio-temporal data sources. Spatio-temporal specific data (trajectories of agricultural machinery, spatiotemporal points, event points, time-series information)
Maps. Field boundaries, soil type, surface levels)
AI solutions. Prediction of weather conditions, detection of plant diseases.

However, simply collecting raw data is not sufficient. It is necessary to process this information to extract valuable insights, make informed decisions, and enable automatic alerts and control signals for agricultural equipment. Thus, you must have the capability to:

Gather data;
Transform the data to extract valuable insights for precision farming gear;
Upload the data into agricultural equipment;
Retrieve real-time data from tractors, seeders, fertilizers, and other machinery.

By following these steps, farmers can make the most of modern technology, optimizing their farming practices and boosting efficiency.

Use Of Satellite Images In Building VRT Maps

Satellite crop monitoring imagery can be used to generate different kinds of VRA maps for various purposes. As nitrogen is one of the most critical elements plants need, building map for its proper application is a major task.

Nitrogen fertilization maps play a crucial role in optimizing the application of water, nitrogen, and crop protection products.

When creating a VRA map for nitrogen fertilizer, you can choose from various indices that provide valuable insights:

MSAVI is sensitive to uncovered soil and, therefore, is ideal for planning VR fertilizer application in the early stages of growth.

Example: Early in the growing season, a corn farmer uses MSAVI to detect patches of uncovered soil in their field. This helps them apply fertilizer more accurately, ensuring that nutrient-rich areas receive the right amount of input and promoting uniform growth.

ReCI measures chlorophyll content in leaves, helping to identify field areas with faded and yellowed vegetation that may need additional fertilizer.

Example: A soybean grower notices using ReCI that certain sections of their field have yellowed leaves, indicating possible nutrient deficiencies. They apply additional fertilizer to these areas, restoring plant health and boosting overall yield.

NDVI indicates biomass accumulation zones and areas with low vegetation that might demand larger amounts of fertilizer.

Example: A cotton producer uses NDVI to map out zones with varying levels of biomass across their field. They adjust their fertilizer application rates, applying more in areas with lower vegetation to support growth and maximize their harvest.

NDMI is well-suited for VR irrigation by identifying areas that are under water stress.

Example: During a hot summer, a vineyard uses NDMI to pinpoint areas suffering from water stress. They adjust their irrigation system to provide extra water where it’s needed, ensuring the vines remain healthy and productive.

- NDRE helps identify stressed or dying vegetation in the middle to late stages of a season, aiding in effective fertilization strategies.

Example: During the season, a wheat farmer uses NDRE to identify patches of the field where the wheat plants are showing signs of nutrient stress or poor growth. By applying a mid-season nutrient boost specifically to these stressed areas, the farmer improves the overall health and yield potential of the wheat crop.

Field Productivity Maps

Field productivity maps can be created by analyzing satellite images to pinpoint areas with high or low crop yields. By using the NDVI index and advanced machine learning algorithms, different productivity zones can be identified.

Key applications of productivity maps include:

Potassium and phosphorus fertilization

Historical productivity zones data can help avoid excessive application in areas where these nutrients may have accumulated with time.

Variable rate planting

Farmers can apply different seed amounts in various productivity zones to either maximize yield or achieve uniform distribution across the field.

Land evaluation

Field productivity can be assessed before purchasing or renting land; it helps reduce risk and enhance profitability.

Targeted soil sampling

Soil sampling efforts can be focused on key areas indicated by productivity data, rather than relying on generic grid sampling.

As you see, variable rate application (VRA) is a cost-effective method that can save you 10% on planting and cultivation costs based on the characteristics of the soil. To fully benefit from VRA, it’s important to understand the technologies involved, such as sensors, GNSS, earth observation pictures from drones and satellites, and digital maps, which provide crucial data for analysis and implementation. We sincerely hope that you succeed in your farming endeavors with modern technology!

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Author Vasyl Cherlinka

Vasyl Cherlinka is a Doctor of Biosciences specializing in pedology (soil science), with 30 years of experience in the field. With a degree in agrochemistry, agronomy and soil science, Dr. Cherlinka has been advising on these issues private sector for many years.