Permeable vs. Waterproof Paving Stone: What’s the Difference?

Do you have an area where you would like to pave, but there are no natural slope or drainage problems? If so, you’re probably wondering how and if hardscape works for your location. Cobblestone gives any landscape purity and beauty. However, one of the disadvantages of classic paving is that it only sometimes drains water well, especially in areas with no natural slopes or drainage systems, and there is no possibility permeable paver grid system. This is an excellent reason to use waterproof pavers. Let’s look at what impervious pavers are, how they differ from traditional pavers, and how to determine which option to choose for your project.

What is a waterproof paving stone?

Water-permeable paving is a unique tile specially designed for combination with drainage systems. Permeable pavers have broader and more open joints than regular pavers, allowing water to seep through them and into the subsurface beneath the pavement. Instead of water pooling on the pavement (it can pool in drainage ditches and pavement), water on permeable pavers slowly soaks into the ground through an efficient permeation system. Permeable paving is not only beneficial for environmental water management but also has other key benefits. They are also very aesthetically pleasing and unlikely to change due to changing landscapes and weather conditions.

What is an impervious paving stone?

Impervious pavements are usually made from a mixture of concrete and sand poured into a unique mold. These “traditional cobblestones” come in various styles and colours and provide a smooth, hard surface that can be paved with multiple beautiful patterns. They easily create an attractive garden landscape, terrace, pool, or other beautiful and permanent design. Impermeable pavers allow water to seep through the joints into the ground, but less than permeable pavers. Pool patios that slope toward the house are better suited for permeable pavers than traditional impervious pavers.

What are the key differences between a waterproof and an impermeable coating?

What is the difference between these two types of coatings? Let’s look at some of the critical factors that make waterproofing unique. Permeable pavers have only a deep layer of gravel. The crucial difference between waterproof and waterproof tiles is the base. Permeable pavement has a deep base consisting only
of stone, not the finer concrete sand and gravel. Specifically, the bottom is 6 to 8 inches of loose aggregate. A clean gravel substrate allows water to penetrate deep into the soil but provides stability as a waterproof covering during extreme weather changes and precipitation. The breathable lining has side seams.

The solution is the second key difference between a waterproof tile and an impermeable tile. Conventional impervious pavements have complex joints filled with sand, such as polymer sand. Permeable grout has much wider seams, allowing water to flow easily through the cracks and seep into the ground below. The cement mortar spreads the base onto the pavers to create a smooth, stable, yet highly porous surface. Permeable paving stones actively drain water into the soil.

Last but not least, permeable pavers actively draw water into the ground. They prevent rainwater from accumulating in sewage, allowing it to seep into the ground actively.

The primary purpose of cobblestones

The main types of paving stones are available in thicknesses of 45, 60, 80, and 100 mm. The minimum paving stone thickness is suitable for garden paths, pedestrian areas, etc. The most considerable thickness of the pavers is ideal for areas with heavy traffic, such as large vehicles. As mentioned above, paving
stones with a thickness of 45 mm are suitable for pedestrian areas. However, much depends on the base on which the coating is laid. The stronger the soil, the more load the pavers can withstand. Pavers with a thickness of 60 mm on a dense base are ideal for roads on which most cars drive. This type of paving is
suitable for pedestrians, bicycles, and vehicles. Pavers with a 6-10 centimetres thickness are ideal for parking lots.

Paving stones with a thickness of 80-100 mm are suitable for transporting heavy loads. It should be placed on a gravel or concrete base. The quality depends not only on the paving stones but also the soil quality. Pavers must be manufactured using proprietary technology to create an extremely durable surface
that will last for decades without repair or damage.

What types of paving stones are available in today’s market?

There are many types of paving stones of different shapes and purposes on the market.

● Concrete pavers;
● Granite paving stones;
● Clinker paving stones;
● Plastic paving stones.

Granite pavers are the strongest. Suitable for any surface, street, or industrial zone. Concrete pavers are famous for their wealth of colours, shapes, and shades. You can use such paving stones in many places. Manufacturing details allow you to create products as close as possible to their natural appearance.

Clinker paving stones are made of clay. They have excellent resistance to wear and tear because it uses a firing technology that makes the pavers resistant to abrasion. Pavers do not crack under external influences and do not burn out under direct sunlight. It is easy to clean, will not slip, and will not crack in cold weather.

Cobblestone – this term comes from an ancient type of road surface in the form of stone blocks of the same shape and size. Classic cobblestones were usually made from hard rocks with high load-bearing capacity and excellent resistance to abrasions, such as granite or basalt. Paving options used on less busy
roads or footpaths can be made from paving slabs made from entirely different materials, such as poured concrete. Paving tiles are made of granite rubble.

Concrete pavers are produced industrially. Cobblestone manufacturers paint the liquid concrete mass and pour it into special molds. Compared to natural stone, this type of paver is cheaper; this type of paver can be produced in large quantities in a short period. Such a building material as concrete is a mixture, making paving stones with different colors and shapes possible. This is a versatile material. Pavers are a great alternative when it comes to surface compaction.

It is essential to let rainwater through so that puddles do not form and have a slightly porous surface because such a surface is perfect for paving paths. Concrete tiles are also less slippery in wet weather than granite pavers and many other natural stones.

The period of service of paving stones

Have you noticed that pavers can last from a year to several decades? One type of cobblestone crumbles underfoot; the other only gets stronger over time. One kind of paver dries after a few minutes of rain, while the other stays wet for days. Moisture absorption is the ability of materials to absorb water. If the paving stones are made of low-quality materials, it is clear that moisture and frost will do their job – they will destroy any stone.

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Understanding Slot RTP and Variance: Which Slot Game Is Right for You?

Published on December 20, 2024

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When it comes to playing slots, luck plays a huge role, but there’s more to winning than just spinning the wheels. Checking the variance and RTP of a slot game beforehand can help you find one that matches your style and strategy. Whether you’re a casual player or chasing a jackpot, understanding these factors can improve your experience. For Canadian players looking to try their luck, Tenexcasino.com is a top choice among crypto casino sites, offering a great platform to explore these games.

What is RTP?

RTP or Return to Player shows how much of the money you bet goes back to you over time. It also shows you the “house edge,” or how much of your money goes to the casino over the same period. If a slot has an RTP of 90%, 90 cents of every dollar you bet goes back to you. The remaining 10 cents is the “house edge” or the profit the casino will likely make.

RTP is measured over time and doesn’t tell you what will happen with each spin. But it can tell you which slot games to pick if you want to minimize risk.

What Is Slot Variance?

Variance also shows the risk of playing each slot game. But unlike RTP, it determines how often you can expect to win and the average size of each payout. Will you see small, frequent wins or rare but potentially huge payouts?

Depending on your preference and budget, you can opt for low, medium, or high-variance slots. Low-variance slots offer frequent but smaller payouts, medium-variance slots provide a mix of frequent smaller wins and occasional bigger winnings, and high-variance slots give rare but significant payouts.

What’s the Right Type of Right Slot Game for Me?

Variance and RTP can help you select the slot games that suit your style and the risk you’re
willing to take.

High RTP Slot Games

High RTP games are an ideal choice if you’re on a small budget. They will give you the best chance to build your bankroll and get more from your investment. You should look for games with at least 97% RTP, like Mega Joker (99%), Codex of Fortune (98%), and Starmania (97.87%).

While these games ensure you get more of your money back in the long term, they won’t necessarily help you maintain your bankroll. If that’s what you’re looking for, you should ensure the slots also have low variance.

Low Variance Slots

Low-variance slots are a perfect choice if you’re looking for steady gameplay with minimal risk. They allow you to play longer without large swings in your balance. But it’s not without its thrill.

If you like frequent wins, these games certainly keep the excitement alive. Some of our favorite low-variance games are Starburst, Jack Hammer, and Blood Suckers.

Medium-Variance Slots

These are a sweet spot. Medium-variance slots are perfect if you want steady payouts with the occasional thrill of big wins. They allow you to avoid the risk of high-variance slots while enjoying some of the excitement. Temple of Iris, Wolf Gold, and Golden Winner are great medium-variance slots worth checking out.

High-variance Slots

High-variance games are your best bet if you dream of hitting the jackpot. The risk is undoubtedly high, but you can win a massive payout. However, these slots may not be the best choice for prolonged gaming sessions. They can, however, provide convenient and enjoyable entertainment when traveling or during your lunch breaks.

High variance slots often include progressive jackpots. Some of our favorite high-variance slots include Rome: The Golden Age, Twin Spin Megaways, and Jack in a Pot.

Having a healthy bankroll is necessary here. But even more so, you need patience. You may go through several spins without a win, but the payout can be significant when you do win.

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The Role of Satellite Imagery in Developing VRA Prescription Maps

Published on December 20, 2024

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Since its appearance in the 1980s, precision agriculture has revolutionized farming, offering innovative solutions to age-old challenges. One of those is Variable rate technology (VRT), which plays a key role in improving efficiency and sustainability in today’s farming methods.

By applying inputs like fertilizers and water in different quantities across the field, VRT helps optimize crop yields and reduce costs. This technology relies on data collection and analysis to create detailed VRA prescription maps, allowing for customized input applications.

With the right equipment and technology, VRT can significantly improve agricultural productivity. Today’s advanced tractors, equipped with built-in terminals and specialized software integrated with a precision agriculture platform, use prescription maps to accurately apply variable rates of water or chemicals based on GPS location and management zones.

Variable Rate Technology In Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture is a game-changer, moving far beyond traditional farming methods. Often called satellite farming, this approach focuses on crop condition monitoring, measuring, and responding to variability within fields. One of its standout innovations is variable rate application (VRA), which has caught the attention of farmers worldwide for its immense potential.

Why is VRA so important? It goes beyond simply fertilizing, seeding, and applying pesticides. It’s about utilizing technology to apply various expendable materials on and beneath the field automatically.

Farm management software simplifies contemporary farming by combining data and technology to improve farming efficiency, sustainability, and profitability. Precision agriculture platforms consolidate operations, crop health monitoring through satellite imagery, and offer real-time suggestions, enabling farmers to make informed decisions for the best use of resources (through VRA) and increased productivity.

Variable rate application offers numerous advantages for modern agriculture:

VR fertilizer enhances farming efficiency.

Adjusting rates based on soil health and plant needs helps save resources and increase yields. Research shows this method can lead to higher net income and healthier soil compared to using uniform rates: “The net incomes of VR management zone were 15.5–449.61 USD ha−1 higher than that of traditional spatially uniform rate fertilization.”

VR irrigation saves water, time, and fuel while reducing machinery wear.

Applying the correct amount of water to different parts of the field based on soil moisture levels and crop requirements reduces wear and tear on irrigation equipment compared to uniform irrigation.

Studies claim: “Variable rate irrigation (VRI) can increase water use efficiency and productivity by applying water based on site‐specific needs.”

VR seeding increases crop yield by adjusting seeding rates based on soil fertility.

VR seeding adjusts seeding rates based on soil fertility and other factors to optimize plant populations and yields. It is commonly used alongside variable rate fertilization as part of a comprehensive precision agriculture strategy.

Findings show that: “The application of VRS to the seeding of various crops shows positive agro-economic trends, additional yields, and higher economic returns.”

VR pesticide reduces environmental pollution and improves pesticide efficiency.

VRT helps farmers target pests more accurately and use less pesticide.

Studies have found that “VR management zone reduced the use of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers by 22.90–43.95%, 59.11–100%, and 8.21–100%, respectively, and it also increased the use efficiency of N, P, and K by 12.27–28.71, 89.64–176.85, and 5.48–266.89 kg/kg, respectively, without yield loss.”

This demonstrates the ability of variable rate technologies to improve pesticide effectiveness and reduce environmental pollution in agriculture.

Using Various Technological Means For Informed Decisions

Applying different technological tools is essential for implementing variable rate technology in agriculture. This includes smart machinery, fertilizers, seeders, soil sensors, geographic information system (also called GIS), and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications for field mapping. Additionally, having supporting infrastructure, which helps manage and analyze info from different sources, is crucial for successful implementation.

Understanding the location, timing, and methods for seeding, fertilizing, and harvesting is key in remote crop monitoring and precision agriculture, where data plays a vital role in managing resources effectively.

This information is taken from a wide variety of data sources.

Sensors. Moisture, soil nutrients, compaction, weather stations (humidity, temperature, wind speed)
Drones and satellite photography. Field hyperspectral imaging.
GNSS. Event coordinates, also points and times for obtaining time-series data
Spatio-temporal data sources. Spatio-temporal specific data (trajectories of agricultural machinery, spatiotemporal points, event points, time-series information)
Maps. Field boundaries, soil type, surface levels)
AI solutions. Prediction of weather conditions, detection of plant diseases.

However, simply collecting raw data is not sufficient. It is necessary to process this information to extract valuable insights, make informed decisions, and enable automatic alerts and control signals for agricultural equipment. Thus, you must have the capability to:

Gather data;
Transform the data to extract valuable insights for precision farming gear;
Upload the data into agricultural equipment;
Retrieve real-time data from tractors, seeders, fertilizers, and other machinery.

By following these steps, farmers can make the most of modern technology, optimizing their farming practices and boosting efficiency.

Use Of Satellite Images In Building VRT Maps

Satellite crop monitoring imagery can be used to generate different kinds of VRA maps for various purposes. As nitrogen is one of the most critical elements plants need, building map for its proper application is a major task.

Nitrogen fertilization maps play a crucial role in optimizing the application of water, nitrogen, and crop protection products.

When creating a VRA map for nitrogen fertilizer, you can choose from various indices that provide valuable insights:

MSAVI is sensitive to uncovered soil and, therefore, is ideal for planning VR fertilizer application in the early stages of growth.

Example: Early in the growing season, a corn farmer uses MSAVI to detect patches of uncovered soil in their field. This helps them apply fertilizer more accurately, ensuring that nutrient-rich areas receive the right amount of input and promoting uniform growth.

ReCI measures chlorophyll content in leaves, helping to identify field areas with faded and yellowed vegetation that may need additional fertilizer.

Example: A soybean grower notices using ReCI that certain sections of their field have yellowed leaves, indicating possible nutrient deficiencies. They apply additional fertilizer to these areas, restoring plant health and boosting overall yield.

NDVI indicates biomass accumulation zones and areas with low vegetation that might demand larger amounts of fertilizer.

Example: A cotton producer uses NDVI to map out zones with varying levels of biomass across their field. They adjust their fertilizer application rates, applying more in areas with lower vegetation to support growth and maximize their harvest.

NDMI is well-suited for VR irrigation by identifying areas that are under water stress.

Example: During a hot summer, a vineyard uses NDMI to pinpoint areas suffering from water stress. They adjust their irrigation system to provide extra water where it’s needed, ensuring the vines remain healthy and productive.

- NDRE helps identify stressed or dying vegetation in the middle to late stages of a season, aiding in effective fertilization strategies.

Example: During the season, a wheat farmer uses NDRE to identify patches of the field where the wheat plants are showing signs of nutrient stress or poor growth. By applying a mid-season nutrient boost specifically to these stressed areas, the farmer improves the overall health and yield potential of the wheat crop.

Field Productivity Maps

Field productivity maps can be created by analyzing satellite images to pinpoint areas with high or low crop yields. By using the NDVI index and advanced machine learning algorithms, different productivity zones can be identified.

Key applications of productivity maps include:

Potassium and phosphorus fertilization

Historical productivity zones data can help avoid excessive application in areas where these nutrients may have accumulated with time.

Variable rate planting

Farmers can apply different seed amounts in various productivity zones to either maximize yield or achieve uniform distribution across the field.

Land evaluation

Field productivity can be assessed before purchasing or renting land; it helps reduce risk and enhance profitability.

Targeted soil sampling

Soil sampling efforts can be focused on key areas indicated by productivity data, rather than relying on generic grid sampling.

As you see, variable rate application (VRA) is a cost-effective method that can save you 10% on planting and cultivation costs based on the characteristics of the soil. To fully benefit from VRA, it’s important to understand the technologies involved, such as sensors, GNSS, earth observation pictures from drones and satellites, and digital maps, which provide crucial data for analysis and implementation. We sincerely hope that you succeed in your farming endeavors with modern technology!

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Author Vasyl Cherlinka

Vasyl Cherlinka is a Doctor of Biosciences specializing in pedology (soil science), with 30 years of experience in the field. With a degree in agrochemistry, agronomy and soil science, Dr. Cherlinka has been advising on these issues private sector for many years.